the following describe internal states of symptoms except

In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Causes. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. Think meditation might help? Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. Complications. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). (credit: Laurie Avocado). This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Add a comment. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? As we grow older, we sleep less. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea.

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