a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by

Recordings of sounds and speeches should be tested for correct volume and quality in the actual environment in which they will be used. The instructor who requires notes should use them sparingly and unobtrusively, but at the same time should make no effort to hide them from the students. Enhanced training materials that include these benchmarks can help aviation instructors complete, endorse, and document required training, For example, the training syllabi represent enhanced training material and contain provisions for instructor endorsements and recordkeeping. In these examples, the student leader or the instructor serves as a coach or facilitator who interacts with the group, as necessary, to keep it on track or to encourage everyone in the group to participate, Best used for the mastery of mental or physical skills that require practice, the demonstration-performance method is based on the principle that people "learn by doing." The instructor also should carefully consider the class size and the depth of the presentation. The scenario may not have one right or one wrong answer, which reflects situations faced in the real world. Finally, although the overhead projector is simple to operate and requires little maintenance, it has disadvantages. Availability, feasibility, or cost may impose realistic limitations. For the effective instructor, these skills are reflected in the ability to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. It will be even more significant in the future, Computer technology continues to advance in quantum leaps, challenging traditional ways of teaching. There is general agreement about certain factors that seem pertinent to understanding the use of instructional aids, During the communicative process, the sensory register of the memory acts as a filter. On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. The body of the lecture follows with a summary of the lectures main points at the end, The teaching lecture is favored by aviation instructors because it allows some active participation by the students. Continental Flight 1943 was the only DC-9 to land gear up at KIAH in 1996. SBT is a powerful tool because the future is unpredictable and there is no way to train a pilot for every combination of events that may happen in the future, Should promote situational awareness and opportunities for decision-making, Collaboration (two or more people working together) to solve problems has been used throughout time. Rehearsals, or dry runs, help smooth out the mechanics of using notes, visual aids, and other instructional devices. For example, the instructor may talk about an occurrence where the knowledge in the lesson was applied. To learn skills, students must practice. The following information provides a framework for successfully conducting the guided discussion, A guided discussion lesson is introduced in the same manner as the lecture. In the teaching lecture, the instructor must develop a keen perception for subtle responses from the classfacial expressions, manner of taking notes, and apparent interest or disinterest in the lesson. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. All lettering and illustrations must be large enough to be seen easily by the students farthest from the aids. If the applicant has a medical condition affecting his or her ability to demonstrate that he or she meets the FAA AELS, the flight instructor discontinues the process and refers the individual to the FSDO and the appropriate FAA medical Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. One cautionthe instructional aid should keep student attention on the subject; it should not be a distracting gimmick, Clearly, a major goal of all instruction is for the student to be able to retain as much knowledge of the subject as possible, especially the key points. A wireless mouse can be used to activate the slide changes from anywhere in the room, Another convenient and cost effective instructional aid is the overhead transparency and projector. Whatever type of projected training aid used, it is essential for the content to be current and support the lesson, Use of projected materials requires planning and practice. Taking physical or mental flight is a defense mechanism students use when they A. lose interest during the advanced stages of training. The following four steps should be followed in the planning phase of preparation: Establishing the objective and desired outcomes, In all stages of preparing for the teaching lecture, the instructor should support any point to be covered with meaningful examples, comparisons, statistics, or testimony. The terrain is flat farmland with no published obstacles, What will he do now? That may mean the instructor needs to initiate leading questions, referee if the discussions cause conflict, ensure that all students participate, and at the end summarize what has been learned, Tying the discussion method into the lecture method not only provides active student participation, it also allows students to develop higher order thinking skills (HOTS). In a typical lesson, an effective instructor normally uses a combination of methods. In certain instances, the instructor has no opportunity to assign preliminary work and must face the students for the first time. First, it will familiarize flight instructors with the FITS program, including its history, objectives, methods, and future goals. The height of usable objects is limited to the space between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body of the projector, usually about two or three inches. The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consecte adipi. In this way, the students are encouraged to make contributions that supplement the lecture. Comprehensive examples of the desired learning outcomes, or behaviors, should be included in the standards. The lecture method is adaptable to many different settings, including small or large groups. The instructors tools are teaching methods. More information on enhanced training materials is presented in chapter 6, Traditional aids in this group include slides, filmstrips, and transparencies for overhead projection. The introduction should include an attention element, a motivation element, and an overview of key points. Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. Notes may be written legibly or typed, and they should be placed where they can be consulted easily, or held, if the instructor walks about the room. For example, a program may indicate, "That was incorrect. (See Appendix F.) There are many definitions for PBL, but for the purposes of this handbook, it is defined as the type of learning environment in which lessons are structured in such a way as to confront students with problems encountered in real life that force them to reach real world solutions, PBL starts with a carefully constructed problem to which there is no single solution. To be a teacher implies one has completed some type of formal training, has specialized knowledge, has been certified or validated in some way, and adheres to a set of standards of performance. First of all, instructors need to begin planning early to determine what the student group is expected to learn and to be able to do on their own. For example, the specific words, "a leak in the fuel line" tell more than the general term "mechanical defect", Another way the instructor can add life to the lecture is to vary his or her tone of voice and pace of speaking. If the lecture has been carefully prepared, and the instructor is completely familiar with the outline, there should be no real difficulty, Notes used wisely can ensure accuracy, jog the memory, and dispel the fear of forgetting. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. This permits effective sorting or categorizing chunks of information in the working or short-term memory. Everyone has the opportunity to comment, listen, think, and participate. For example, the presentation is not designed to replace the instructor. Organizing a lesson so the students grasp the logical relationships of ideas is not an easy task, but it is necessary if the students are to learn and remember what they have learned. With elearning, sophisticated databases can organize vast amounts of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found, and cross-indexed, Due to the active nature of e-learning, the overall learning process is enhanced in several ways. Usually the instructor has to interrupt the students efforts for corrections and further demonstrations. Defining a "good instructor" has proven more elusive, but in The Essence of Good Teaching (1985), psychologist Stanford C. Ericksen wrote "good teachers select and organize worthwhile course material, lead students to encode and integrate this material in memorable form, ensure competence in the procedures and methods of a discipline, sustain intellectual curiosity, and promote how to learn independently", Much research has been devoted to trying to discover what makes a "good" or effective instructor. End users of the aircraft, such as the major airlines, can purchase the training materials with the aircraft in order to accomplish both initial and recurrent training of their personnel. Major advantages of CAL are that students can progress at a rate which is comfortable for them and are often able to access the CAL at their own convenience, Another benefit of CAL is the test prep study guides, useful for preparation for the FAA knowledge tests. The instructor uses decision-based training objectives to teach aviation students critical thinking skills, such as risk management and aeronautical decision-making (ADM), The desired level of learning should also be incorporated into the objectives, and these level of learning objectives may apply to one or more of the three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and psychomotor (physical skills). After the discussion develops, the instructor may ask a follow-up question to guide the discussion. Just as a student can reread a section in a text, a student can review portions of a CAL program until it is understood. Consequently, it is more commonly used in lecturing than in guided discussion, The instructor who wants to phrase a question for followup purposes may choose the overhead type. They should provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student, Another use for instructional aids is to clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts. In this case, the responsible instructor needs to establish procedures to make sure the required training is accomplished, since he or she must certify student competency at the end of the course, Models, mock-ups, and cut-aways are additional instructional aids. For example, basic map reading is a perishable skill that should be practiced often. The main concern is to gain the attention of everyone and concentrate on the subject. Additional transparencies can be overlaid onto the original to show development or buildup of an event or display. Phrases like "able to select from a list of " or "able to repeat the steps to " are better because they describe something that can be measured. In the intervening years, PBL has helped shift the focus of learning from an instructor-centered approach to a studentcentered approach. These programs typically allow the students to select a test, complete the questions, and find out how they did on the test. The controller directed the pilot to two different nearby airports, but both were below minimums. As sources for access to information expand, the possibilities for distance learning increases, While e-learning has many training advantages, it also has limitations which can include the lack of peer interaction and personal feedback, depending on what method of e-learning is used. For example, technology flight training devices and flight simulators are used by everyone from flight schools to major airlines, as well as the military. This short lecture is followed by instructor-student and student-student discussion, This method relies on discussion and the exchange of ideas. The give and take of the discussion method also helps students learn to evaluate ideas, concepts, and principles. Well- designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture, Aviation instructors must cover a broad range of aeronautical knowledge and skill training for pilots and AMTs. In most cases, the objective is listed along with sufficient conditions to describe the scope of the objective. Instructors should avoid questions that can be answered by short factual statements or yes or no responses and ask open-ended questions that are thought provoking and require more mental activity. Errors in grammar and vulgarisms detract from an instructors dignity and insult the intelligence of the students, If the subject matter includes technical terms, the instructor should clearly define each one so that no student is in doubt about its meaning. Accident data is available at NTSBs Aviation Accident Database & Synopses at www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp/, Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella term for any type of education that involves an electronic component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone computer, CD/DVDs, video conferencing, websites, or email in its delivery. Since much of the new technology is based on computer technology, instructors with well-developed computer skills are in demand, Although the explosion of training technology offers new opportunities, instructors must remember their main teaching goals and be selectively receptive to new possibilities. Other aids, which are usually more expensive, are projected materials, video, computerbased programs, and models, mock-ups, or cut-aways. As indicated in chapter 2, standards for the level of learning in the cognitive and psychomotor domains are easily established. Each student should be given the opportunity to discuss the various aspects of the subject, and feel free to do so. female attractiveness scale with pictures; osdi 2021 accepted papers They are essential for reporting complicated information. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Visual aids must be visible to the entire class. The following paragraph is an example of one such accident, "The private pilot was on a visual flight rules (VFR) crosscountry flight when he began encountering instrument conditions. Carefully selected charts, graphs, pictures, or other well-organized visual aids are examples of items that help the student understand, as well as retain, essential information, Ideally, instructional aids should be designed to cover the key points and concepts. Drawing on previously discussed theoretical knowledge, this chapter discusses specific recommendations on how to use this information to teach aviation students, Teaching is to instruct or train someone, or the profession of someone who teaches. In addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning, even though many have easily passed the FAA knowledge test. His flight is a go, yet, 15 miles from College Airport he descends to 1,000 feet to stay below the lowering clouds and encounters rain and lowering visibility to 3 miles. When the instructor points to each part of the model while explaining these relationships, the students can better understand the mechanical principles involved. An effective instructor possesses a strong motivation to teach, as well as a positive attitude toward learning. This equipment is especially adapted to enlarging diagrams and small charts for display purposes. With searchand-find features incorporated, a CD or DVD is a powerful information source. In most instructional situations, the instructors explanation and demonstration activities are alternated with student performance efforts. Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. This preparation should start well in advance of the presentation. Regardless of the method of development or depth of coverage, the success of the teaching lecture depends upon the instructors ability to communicate effectively with the class, In other methods of teaching such as demonstrationperformance or guided discussion, the instructor receives direct reaction from the students, either verbally or by some form of body language. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. Decision-based learning objectives and the use of flight training scenarios do not preclude traditional maneuver-based training. Similar objectives and standards are established for AMT students. To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. making each lesson a pleasurable experience. Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about in relation to the base transparency. Within a single period, the instructor may unwittingly present more information than students can absorb, and the lecture method provides no accurate means of checking student progress, Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of all students in a lecture throughout the class period. Some models are solid and show only the outline of the object they portray, while others can be manipulated or operated, Although a model may not be a realistic copy of an actual piece of equipment, it can be used effectively in explaining operating principles of various types of equipment. Conditions and criteria should be refined as necessary. [Figure 4-9], The lecture may be conducted in either a formal or an informal manner. Since each teaching situation is unique, the setting and purpose of the lesson determines which teaching method is used, Todays instructor can choose from a wealth of ways to present instructional material: lecture, discussion, guided discussion, problem based, group learning, demonstrationperformance, or e-learning. More often, the assessment is formal and results recorded to certify the students progress in the course. [Figure 4-17], In practice, the choice of instructional aids depends on several factors. Here are examples of responsibilities from real flight instructor resumes representing typical tasks they are likely to perform in their roles. Manage the daily maintenance efforts for 9 P-3C aircraft to meet short and long range flight tasking. Thus, the instructor provides assistance, reinforcement, and answers for those who need it most, In this situation, the CAL should still be considered as an add-on instructional aid to improve traditional classroom instruction. However, writing standards to evaluate a students level of learning or overt behavior in the affective domain (attitudes, beliefs, and values) is more difficult, The overall objective of an aviation training course is usually well established, and the general standards are included in various rules and related publications.

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