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It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. ). Iraq, vol. The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). 12.000 tablets, mostly unpublished) from the Kassite period is contained in an administrative archive which was excavated in Nippur and covers the period from ca. The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. ''Some Shared Traditions Between Hana and the Kassites'', In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour on His 80th Birthday, 417-432.Potts, D. T. (2006). K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. 55, No. 279-84. In addition, no Kassite anthroponyms and toponyms are recorded in these regions according to the above-mentioned early sources. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. D. R. Frayne, Old Babylonian Period(2003-1595 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Schneider, Thomas (2003). In time, a new dynasty emerged. Contemporary Kassite records are not numerous. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Some kudurrus are kept in the Louvre in Paris and others in the National Museum of Iraq. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. Zeitschrift Fr Assyriologie & Vorderasiatische Archologie, 103(2), 183195. : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. 106, no. Its about events 700-1000 years later. Buried History, 51, 57-60. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. J. van Dijk, Die dynastischen Heiraten zwischen Kassiten und Elamern: eine verhngnisvolle Politik, Orientalia, N.S. 1499 BCE. Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. Like the Sumeriancs, no one knows for sure where they came from. (1998, pp. Bearded men, religious symbols, horned quadrupeds, and fauna are often shown in these images. "The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity". [28][29] A typical treaties include the EgyptianHittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c. 1410 BC). How does violence against the family pet affect the family? But Babylonia remained a world power: the Hittite king Hattuili III contacted Kadaman-Enlil II (1258-50 BCE) when the latter became king, in order to continue their good relations. Balkan, 1954, pp. 10, 1980, pp. Kassites are recorded in Nuzi during the 15th century BCE (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. The new rulers, non-Babylonians known as Kassites, adopted Babylonian conventions in their royal iconography and inscriptions. Where Was The Land Of Nod? | World Events and the Bible Idem, rev. "17. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. Ramose was her father. ; Nashef, 1982, pp. Because I thought I believe so different from everyone else. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Thank you for your help! Several suspected Kassite names are recorded in Ur III economic documents from southern Babylonia, but it is not known whence these individuals originally came (Zadok, 1987, p. 16; 1993, pp. The findings of those digs can be found HERE. 32, no. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). 271-81. P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. Moses' Kushite Wife Was Zipporah the Midianite - TheTorah.com 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War. Most sukallu officials bore Kassite names as late as the period of the second Isin dynasty (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. 1150-985 BCE), viz., the second dynasty of Isin, the second dynasty of the Sealand, and the Bazi dynasty, had Akkadian, Kassite, and hybrid (Akkadian-Kassite) names. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. 165-74. 2014. She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. 88 f.). A. 1-19. Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed c. 2600 BCE after scribes Studies in Eastern History; Vol. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. The Biblical Garden of Eden Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. Volume 2 Kardunia. A.. "1. Both sectors were based on the redistributive principle characteristic of Mesopotamian household organization (see Edens, 1994, p. 211). It is believed that in the ancient city existed the legendary "Hanging Gardens of Babylon," which were terraced gardens of celestial beauty that were maintained by an automated watering mechanism. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. Recall that in the first five books of the Bible idolatry was a major issue. A number of the Amarna Letters are correspondence between the respective rulers (including 14 between the Pharaoh and the Kassite ruler). After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". 59, no. Most of the documentation (ca. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. [17] This practice continued for several centuries after the end of the Kassite Dynasty. First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. Selected by Choice as an "Outstanding Academic Book of 1996" and now extensively revised, the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, co-published by Eerdmans and Brill, is the only major reference work describing the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes found in Scripture.Written by 100 leading experts in the field, the more than 400 alphabetically arranged articles . Kassites (among others) were included in the workforces (mostly agricultural laborers): individuals defined as Kassites (Ka) or bearing Kassite names appear in ration lists. Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. 329 f.): ERN u-q-mu-[na(? The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). Speiser View PDF Biblical history proper begins with the call to Abraham to leave his native country and set out for a destination that is to become the Promised Land. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . Mesopotamia - HISTORY When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. "Inscription of Kurigalzu I". The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. Jeremiah 39 - The Fall of Jerusalem & The Kassites KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. 5 ff. In the period . [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. kassites in the bible - HAZ Rental Center Qala'at al-Bahrain/2 The central monumental buildings. Thank you! The Early Kassite Period". The Hittites (/ h t a t s /) were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (ca. Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. 17793, Roaf, Michael. The attempt of A. Ancillotti (1981) to demonstrate that Kassite is originally an Indo-Aryan language is not convincing. Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. Around 1500 BC. Gasche et al. Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. Raphael Kutscher memorial volume, Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Occasional Publications 1, Tel Aviv, 1993, pp. Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. [12] Several tablets dated to the reign of Agum III were found at the Dilmun site of Qal'at al-Bahrain. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 112 f.). Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. They date the fall of Babylon to ca. Where is Ancient Babylon Located Today? - Answers Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. Midianites in The Bible - King James Bible Online [5] The chief gods, titular gods of the kings, were Shuqamuna and Shumaliya. A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and locally popular, and their 500-year reign laid an essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture. 73, No. the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . The Kassites, the ancient Near Eastern people who seized power in Babylonia following the fall of the first Babylonian Dynasty and subsequently went on to rule it for some three hundred and fifty years during the late bronze age, possessed a pantheon of gods but few are known beyond the laconic mention in the theophoric element of a name. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm, Proceedings of the 42th RAI [1995], Leuven, 1999, pp. 55, pp. [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. The correspondence is mainly concerned with diplomatic marriages. J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. Important sources for reconstructing the Kassite Dynasty are kudurrus. Please support World History Encyclopedia. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. Kassites. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. 257 ff. A. 04 Mar 2023. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. The Kassites took refuge in the mountains but were brought down and resettled, in standard Assyrian practice, in Hardispi and Bit Kubatti, which were made part of the Arrapha district. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. The world of the Bible is knowable. The Kassites abandoned their own culture after a couple of generations of dominance, allowing themselves to be absorbed into Babylonian civilization. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? A. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. kassites in the bible. Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. 55 f., 231, 325 ff., 336 ff.). The event is recorded in Genesis 12. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? A. "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartisch. 2, 2021, pp. "Kassite" redirects here. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. They introduced war chariots, The Kassites were defeated by the Elamites in 1157 B.C. Some lexicographers associate the "land of Cush" of Genesis 2:13 with the Kassites (Akkadian, kassu ), a people of the plateau of central Asia mentioned in ancient cuneiform inscriptions but whose history remains quite obscure. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 464-73. 20712, Brinkman, J. 4 Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? This article is available in print.Vol. Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. "16. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. After the destruction of the Mittani by the Hittites in the early 14th century BC Assyria rose in power creating a three way power structure in the region between the Kassites, Hittites, and Assyrians with Elam exerting influence from the east and Egypt from the south. The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". 219-45. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. The names of some Kassite deities are known. Idem, rev. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Kassite period. Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. 41, no. 54, 1992, pp. H. Gasche, J. 11, no. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 20, 2010, pp. 15-26. Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. Kassite. Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. "Kassite." Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today.