Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Typical grifter contradictions. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. Bantu expansion - Wikipedia Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? Africa's World War: The Congo War - History Guild Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Formed in 1075, Mapungubwe was a renowned trading city linking Africa, Asia, and Europe. Bantu Genocide | Alternative History | Fandom Bambuti | Pygmy groups | Britannica The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. [29] The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret, followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500BC. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. It's not white supremacist to study history. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Bantu Expansion | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History 18091. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. View all Google Scholar citations To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). Its a MYTH. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 18091. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Required fields are marked *. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. "useRatesEcommerce": false Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. Twa - Wikipedia Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Genocide in Somalia's Jubba Valley and Somali Bantu Refugees - Items View the institutional accounts that are providing access. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. These are huge areas. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. . It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. The Bantu Expansion the migration of Bantu-speaking people across the African continent is one of Ancient historys largest migrations. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Your email address will not be published. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Total loading time: 0 It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. PEOPLE OF AFRICA - The Diversity of African People | African Race This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. By Ellen Rubin. If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. The story begins with a popular African tale. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. and The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Although early models posited that the early speakers were both iron-using and agricultural, definitive archaeological evidence that they used iron does not appear until as late as 400BC, though they were agricultural. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. Rape and slavery was common practice among the Bantu colonists. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. Even then Bantus aren't native to Tanzania. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. The Zulu are a military people, forged in a crucible of violence and predatory warfare, and in the early decades of the 19th century, they emerged as a martial society on an almost Spartan scale. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. Bantu Expansion isnt real.